The Code of Justinian (Codex Justinianus)

The Code of Justinian (in Latin, Codex Justinianus) is a substantial collection of laws compiled under the sponsorship of Justinian I, ruler of the Byzantine Empire. Although the laws passed during Justinians reign would be included, the Codex was not a completely new legal code, but an aggregation of existing laws, portions of the historic opinions of great Roman legal experts, and an outline of law in general. Work began on the Code shortly after Justinian took the throne in 527. While much of it was completed by the mid-530s, because the Code included new laws, parts of it were regularly revised to include those new laws, up until 565. There were four books that comprised the Code: Codex Constitutionum, the Digesta, the Institutiones and the Novellae Constitutiones Post Codicem. The Codex Constitutionum The Codex Constitutionum was the first book to be compiled. In the first few months of Justinians reign, he appointed a commission of ten jurists to review all the laws, rulings and decrees issued by the emperors. They reconciled contradictions, weeded out obsolete laws, and adapted archaic laws to their contemporary circumstances. In 529 the results of their efforts were published in 10 volumes and disseminated throughout the empire. All imperial laws not contained in the Codex Constitutionum were repealed. In 534 a revised codex was issued that incorporated the legislation Justinian had passed in the first seven years of his reign. This Codex Repetitae Praelectionis was comprised of 12 volumes. The  Digesta The Digesta (also known as the Pandectae) was begun in 530 under the direction of Tribonian, an esteemed jurist appointed by the emperor. Tribonian created a commission of 16 attorneys who combed through the writings of every recognized legal expert in imperial history. They culled whatever they though was of legal value and selected one extract (and occasionally two) on each legal point. They then combined them into an immense collection of 50 volumes, subdivided into segments according to subject. The resulting work was published in 533. Any juridical statement that wasnt included in the Digesta was not considered binding, and in future it would no longer be a valid basis for legal citation. The  Institutiones When Tribonian (along with his commission) had finished the Digesta, he turned his attention to the Institutiones. Pulled together and published in about a year, the Institutiones was a basic textbook for beginning law students. It was based on earlier texts, including some by the great Roman jurist Gaius, and provided a general outline of legal institutions. The  Novellae Constitutiones Post Codicem After the revised Codex was published in 534, the last publication, the Novellae Constitutiones Post Codicem was issued. Known simply as the Novels in English, this publication was a collection of the new laws the emperor had issued himself. It was reissued regularly until Justinians death. With the exception of the Novels, which were almost all written in Greek, the Code of Justinian was published in Latin. The Novels also had Latin translations for the western provinces of the empire. The Code of Justinian would be highly influential through much of the Middle Ages, not only with the Emperors of Eastern Rome, but with the rest of Europe.   Resources and Further Reading Grapel, William.  The Institutes of Justinian: with the Novel as to Successions. Lawbook Exchange, Ltd., 2010.Mears, T. Lambert, et al.  Analysis of M. Ortolans Institutes of Justinian, Including the History and Generalization of Roman Law. Lawbook Exchange, 2008.

Modernism Vs. Modernist Modernism - 1185 Words

In the past five weeks, we have covered a great deal of material in this course. I remember my first day coming to class, I had to check my schedule multiple times to ensure that I was in the correct place. After spending hours of my morning in back-to-back philosophy courses, medieval and 20th-century, I was convinced that I had somehow walked into another philosophy class rather than English. However, as it turns out, I was in the right place. It also turns out that I did know very much about modernism or literary modernism. I soon discovered that modernist literature is greatly rooted in the philosophical movement of modernism that took place in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This was a movement that centered on the heightened awareness of the self. The atrocities and shock factors of World War I greatly contributed to the development of modernist thought. There began a significant focus on the self-conscious. For example, the stream of consciousness novel beca me a frequently used form of literature. In fact, James Joyce had a stream of consciousness tendency. Also, noteworthy thinkers such as Karl Marx and Sigmeud Freud played important roles in this time. Therefore, we discussed some of their more important works in class. For instance, you cannot study Marx thought without mentioning The Communist Manifesto. Similarly, Freud cannot be mentioned without his Outline of Psychoanalysis. Marx and Freud, after World War I, began to question theShow MoreRelatedModernist Modernism : High Modernism Vs. Low Modernism1944 Words   |  8 Pages Modern or Modernist? High Modernism vs. Low Modernism Damian Sun 1238719 University of Waikato â€Æ' Modernism was a movement that was developed during the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. Modernism developed due to the changes happening in societies at the time. Around the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century there was a rise in the industrial society’s where there were advancements in technologies and machines, and a rapid growths in cities. This lead to aRead MoreModernism Vs. Modernist Modernism1335 Words   |  6 Pagesright place. It also turns out that I did know very much about modernism or literary modernism. I soon discovered that modernist literature is greatly rooted in the philosophical movement of modernism that took place in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This was a movement that centered on the heightened awareness of the self. The atrocities and shock factors of World War I greatly contributed to the development of modernist thought. There began a significant focus on the self-consciousRead MorePost Modernism vs. Modernism870 Words   |  4 PagesModernism vs. Post Modernism The ideas of modernism and post modernism are fundamentally different. Modernism is the belief that human beings can improve their environment, using scientific knowledge, technology and putting all of those things into practice. Modernism is prevalent in the field of arts. The concept of post modernism looks at the ideas behind modernism and questions whether they really exist. (wikipedia) Modernism began in the early 1800s. It emerged with Manet and BaudelaireRead More Modernism vs Neo-Traditionalism Essay1058 Words   |  5 Pages Modernism vs Neo-Traditionalism: A debate on the merits and failures of two major competing paradigms in architecture and urban planning. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Beyond the term modernism underlies one of the greatest ideas in architectural development. Modernism was meant to provide more green areas, cheaper housing and more efficient use of space. This was to be accomplished by creating vertically dense spaces with the use of the new inventions of the nineteenth century, such as steel, glassRead MoreNeoclassicism Vs. 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They both have their own techniques and their own way to make people admire and want to be like them. The better way to characterize them is by modernist architect, Mies, and by postmodernist, Venturi. These two architects are the main focus of these project because the way they create has become a legend andRead MoreThe Contributions of Post Development Theory3644 Words   |  15 Pagescommence to make some certain judgments regarding the project of development and its basic tenets which led to the raise of the new approach called Post Development (PD) theory. PD has also some common roots and values in the fundamentals of Post-modernism as well. These theories emerged during the 1980s and reached their climax during 1990s. However, since the rise of these theories, in the development agenda, some critiques and debates has come out in order to demonstrate not only their considerableRead MoreModernism As A Cultural Period1357 Words   |  6 PagesIn this paper modernist poetry is analyzed. Modernism as a cultural period is considered to be a multinational movement which meant re-evaluation of the assumptions and aesthetic values of the past. It is important to mention what is modernist poetry. This is considered to be a poetry mainly written by poets of North America and Europe between 1890 and 1950. It emerged as a result of technical revolution, inventions and World War I. Poets of this period made emphasis on personal view of the world

Ways in which Roman Catholics defended their faith against the Protestant Reformation free essay sample

As a result of the vast expansion of Protestantism and quickly decreasing numbers in Roman Catholics, the Counter Reformation was initiated by the Roman Catholic Church in order to reconcile the Catholics and Protestants into one faith. The Roman Catholics attempted to achieve this goal through several methods, addressing the abuses of the Church by accepting its mistakes and attempting to fix them; they established the Council of Trent to help them with reforming the Church. They also reaffirmed the Catholic beliefs, and attempted to check the growth of Protestantism with the use of the Roman Inquisition. A key component of the reformation of the Roman Catholic Church included The Council of Trent which implemented many duties contributing to the purposes that it had existed for. The Council addressed the mistakes of the Church, and attempted to fix them. The Council of Trent required the Bishops to stay in their own dioceses, suppressing pluralism and simony, as well as forbidding the sale of indulgences. We will write a custom essay sample on Ways in which Roman Catholics defended their faith against the Protestant Reformation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Clerics who kept concubines now had to give them up. The jurisdiction of bishops over all the clergy of their dioceses was made almost absolute, and bishops were ordered to visit every church in their diocese at least once every two years. The Council required every diocese to establish a seminary for the education and training of the clergy The Council of Trent directed the curriculum that was to be taught, and insisted that preference for admission be given to sons of the poor. Seminary professors were to determine if candidates for ordination had genuine callings as determined by purity of life, separation from the secular life, and a steady inclination toward the priesthood. This was a ground-breaking idea, since from the time of the early church, parents had determined their childrens religious careers. Great emphasis was laid upon preaching and instructing the common people with an increased focus on the uneducated. In conclusion, despite the Council of Trent performing remarkable acts in reforming the corrupt ways of the Roman Catholic Church, they were not able to accomplish reconciliation with Protestantism. In addition to keeping the Roman Catholic Church in check was the reaffirmation of Catholic beliefs, in an attempt to check the growth of Protestantism to further the Counter Reformation. To acknowledge Catholic beliefs, new religious were established, which served the purpose of raising the moral and intellectual level of the clergy and people. Education was a major goal of these orders, most famous of which were the Ursiline order of nuns, and the Society of Jesus(Jesuits), founded by Ignatius Loyola, which played an international role in resisting the spread of Protestantism, converting Asians and Latin American Natives to Catholicism, and spreading Christian education all over Europe. The beliefs that were stressed by the Roman Catholic Church were the Seven Sacraments, Transubstantiation, Confession and absolution (where priests were to remain celibate), the Mass shall be preached in Latin, and justification by a combination of faith and works. The inferior flaws of the Roman Catholic Church were to be reformed, and standards were to be adjusted. The Index of Prohibited Books was an attempt to censor the written works of â€Å"Heretics† such as Martin Luther’s 95 Theses, or John Calvin’s On the Necessity of Reforming the Church. The Roman Inquisition was established in Rome in 1542, both Spanish and Roman Inquisitions employed torture, and burning at the stake, yet the Roman Inquisition was considered less severe that the Spanish Inquisition. The Spanish Inquisition was active in all Spanish territories, which included the Spanish Netherlands, while the Roman Inquisition was only active in the Papal States. In conclusion, the Roman Catholic Church reaffirmed Catholic beliefs, and checked the growth of the Protestant religions. Ultimately, the Roman Catholic Church attempted to respond to the large conversion of Catholics to Protestantism. The overall response of the Roman Catholic Church was engaging with the Counter Reformation. The ultimate goal of this Counter Reformation was to reconcile the Catholics and Protestants into one faith. This goal was attempted to be achieved through several methods, including addressing the abuses of the Church by accepting its mistakes and attempting to fix them; they established the Council of Trent to help them with reforming the Church. They also reaffirmed the Catholic beliefs, and attempted to check the growth of Protestantism with the use of the Roman Inquisition. Although they did not achieve the goal of reconverting all of the Protestants back to Catholicism, some did convert back, but those who were already Catholic did not convert to Protestantism.

Antecedents and Consequences of Decline in Trade Union Density

Question: 'Trade Union Membership in Australia has Declined Significantly Since the 1980s. As a result,Unions are becoming an Irrelevant Actor in Australian Employment Relations'. Drawing on Academic Research and Commentary, Provide a Response to this statement. In framing your argument, Consider the Antecedents and Consequences of the Decline in Trade Union Membership and Trade Union Density. Answer: Introduction In reconnoitring the factors that led to the emergence and fall of industrial labour in Australia, the present paper contends that support for unions initially surfaced from a working class which was an outcome of the nations uncommon economic past. In the 20th century the incorporation of systems of mandatory arbitration, formulated to mediate industrial disputes, strengthened the support for labour unions. In the year 1948, the support for unionism was at its pinnacle. A long process of its fall started as the working cadre constituency that had supplied its social anchor fragmented due to structural transformations in the economy. The collapse of arbitration post-1986 aggravated this declining pattern, as did a rise in unwarranted employment and anti-union tactics of the employers (Docherty, 2010). The present essay reviews the literature on the fall in union density in Australia. Germane studies are critically analysed and compared, and the review brings to light the complexity o f the issue, the necessity to avoid simplistic responses, and makes recommendations regarding the areas of study that most likely augment the comprehension of the sharp decline in unionisation. Andtecedents and Consequences of Decline in Trade Union Density As per the Australian Bureau of Statistics figures of 2000, the fall in union membership in the nation, despite the attempts made by the Australian Council of Trade Unions to prevent further decline. While it is apparent that there is a reduction in union density, it is critical to evaluate the reasons behind it and what are the unions doing for combating such downward trend. In striving to handle the issue, it is significant to understand the major objectives of the union that draws members and the antecedents of the decline (Abbott, MacKinnon and Fallon, 2016). Australian unions were set up in the initial half of the 19th, with growth starting in the post gold-rush age. It is from then that the most rapid growth of the period appears to have been in the decade of the 1880s, wherein affluent economic conditions and a constricted labour market were drivers making for the development of unions. The main goal of a union is to enhance the well-being and promote the interests of its members. They were created to offset the higher financial power of the employers (Cooper et al., 2009). It has long been acknowledged that the dominance over the market by the employers could be countered by employees acting jointly and instituting organisations to negotiate on their part. The most crucial function performed by the union was to maximise the salaries and wages of its members. There are several reasons why employees might join a union. However, three factors are apparent. They are; sense the advantages of unionism surpass the likely costs; displeasure with financial aspects of their job; and an intention to impact those facets of the work environment via union means. Despite the evident benefits of the union, the membership of Australian union has declined. As emphasised by Kaufman, (2008) unionism harvested a core place in the Australian community between 1921 and mid-1950s. Even in the profundity of the Great Depression, the membership never plummeted below 42.5%. Moreover, with the recovery of the economy during World War II, it garnered unprecedented support. Times have significantly changed. Two decades ago 50% of all employees were part of the union. Currently, the rate of unionisation is only 23%. Even the public sector, which was once a mainstay of union power, has witnessed a sharp decline in the density. In the epoch of feminization, computerization and casualization, de-unionization is perhaps the most considerable change to have to strike the labour market over the years. A sign of fall in union strength is the rarity of strikes (Holland et al., 2011). The number of days lost to industrial conflicts is only one-fourth of its level during the early 1980s. To fathom the transition, Bashur and Oc, (2015) posit that it is helpful to discard two common elucidations for union decline briefly. The first is that the density decreased due to the increasing scepticism of workers toward it. In effect, attitude tends to reflect union power. When the membership increased during the 1970s, Australians were more likely to say, pollsters, that th ey believed unions had extreme strength and less likely to consent that unions had been a great thing for the country. Correspondingly, as they started waning during the 1990s, the portion of individuals who believed that unions carried too much power decreased steadily (Docherty, 2010). The second argument which is made is that de-unionization was an outcome of the fall in real wages which happened under the Accord. Yet as Leigh, (2011) points out in his study The Decline of an Institution, this statement means that unionisation must have fallen more during the 1980s (when there was a decline in real wage) than the 1990s (when there was a rise in real wages). However, the opposite is true the most drastic decline in unionisation happened during the 1990s. If not the Accord and attitudes then what led to union density witnessing the downward trend? The fall narrows down to four major factors: changes to the laws regulating unions, higher product market rivalry, growing inequality, and structural changes in the labour market. The most substantial factor in de-unionization in Australia has been transitions in the legal system regulating the unions. Hodder and Kretsos (2015) state that between 1990 and 1995, conformist governments in five out of six states brought into effect a legislation intended to prohibit mandatory unionisation, promoting individual bargaining, and introducing changes to non-award coverage easier. Paradoxically, this was similar to the process that took place in the 1920s, when a series of state Labour governments enforced law in favour of wage arbitration and mandatory unionism, resulting in an upsurge in union membership. During the later half of the 1980s, over 50% of the union members needed to be a union member as their employment condition. In the 1990s, not any longer bound to be a member, a huge proportion opted to give up their membership (Leigh, 2011). Expectedly, the unions that bore the biggest brunt were those that were highest dependent on mandatory union laws. The new la w was enforced from 1996 when the then government virtually eliminated mandatory unionism and made it challenging for the unions to hire and strike. The second most significant driver of de-unionization has been increasing competition. Driven by microeconomic reforms, revived Australian Competition and Consumer Commission and tariff cuts, the market for purchasing most goods and services are now considerably more competitive than during the 1970s. When companies have an oligopoly or monopoly situation, it is convenient for them to pay higher salaries to their workers. Prices are greater in non-competitive markets, and in economics jargon, this produces rents. The employers then share such rents with employees (Grenfell, 2017). When monopolies are split, and the marketplaces become competitive, employers have to cut costs. This puts pressure on the companies to follow powerful anti-union strategies to minimise the wage bill. The third argument for declining union diversity is the increase in earnings inequality. To comprehend how this works, it is crucial to acknowledge that unions not only aim greater wages but also for higher pay compression (Heidecker, 2013). This happens through standardised wage schedules, and claims that ask for an equal increase for every worker. Less pay distribution within an organisation also renders it easy for unions to form, as employees are likely to have mutual cause with those who get similar salaries. Economists have in general focused on the manner in which de-unionization impacts inequality (Bray, Waring and Cooper, 2011). In Australia, Jeff Borland found that 30% of the rise in earnings disparity among permanent males between 1986 and 1994 can be elucidated by falling unionisation. However, the opposite can also be true. If disparity increased (owing to globalisation, technological change, or other factors), unions are likely to find it difficult to create an effectiv e coalition between highly-paid and low-paid employees. The probability of two employees both earning $20 per hour joining the union is higher than if one make $10 and the other $30 (Koukoulas, 2015). The last factor is structural labour market changes. Throughout the developed economies, unions have an easier time hiring in the public sector, the manufacturing sector, among permanent employees and in big companies. The emergence of the service sector, casualization of the labor force, downscaling of government and the surfacing of SMEs are all transformations that disadvantage unions (Forsyth et al., 2017). To examine the impact of the above-mentioned factors, Peetz, (2012) used a method called shift-share analysis, and concluded that they were responsible for nearly 50% of the fall during 1982-92, however, do not elucidate much of the decline since then. As the drop-in unionisation has been quicker in the 1990s as compared to the 1980s, this demotes structural changes to a minor role in describing the overall drop in unionisation in the last 37 years. Evidence propose that voting by union members is being done with their feet and that other systems are emerging to replace them. The proportion of companies with mutual consultative committees grew two times between 1990 and 1995, and the number of companies with ad-hoc employer-employee committees also increased considerably. Requirements that once only unions could meet are now addressed by new organisations (Davis, 2010). The macro and microeconomic impacts of the plummeting strength of unions have been debated by policymakers and economists. Nonetheless, the empirical evidence suggests that the effect of the drop on economic aggregates and company performance is not a devastating cause of concern. However, the relationship of falling union strength with increasing earning disparity and the minimising direct communication between employees and employers is potentially more troublesome (Kelty, 2011). For the period of 1995-2010, the coefficient estimate for the alteration in union strength is negative and insignificant statistically, proposing that transitions in union density were no longer connected to redistribution. It is reported by Toscano (2015) that union fall since the 1980s has been accompanied by alterations in the union members position in income diffusion. It is speculated that, since the position of an average union member has improved with a decline in density, union members are also no longer very supportive of redistributive policies and wage solidarity. Hence, the disparity issue might stay, but the role played unions is more controversial. Though companies in competitive labour markets might undersupply workers voice, but it does not mean that independent unionism is the solution, either from an employee standpoint, or the practicable interest of strengthening productivity. In fact, many researchers have identified that the drop in union voice has been coupled with a substantial growth in non-union voice, such that the total exposure of voice mechanisms has been stable and high (Furze et al., 2011). In short, Australian workers have selected non-union voice over no voice at all. In addition to this evaluating voice regimes, non-union voice overshadows union voice for a series of perceived result indicators financial performance, productivity, and industrial relations climate if not turnover. This provides credibility to the concept that management has a motiv ation of investing in non-union voice, although such positive scene is muddled by comparisons between voice types (Schaper, 2014). Conclusion With the waning of unions, todays labour markets of Australia are closer to the theoretical models of competitive markets than they were during the 1970s. This is mainly because of a succession of legal changes that have rendered it difficult for unions to organise, but also owing to higher competition in the markets, growing wage disparity and alterations in the composition of the workforce. It is extremely unlikely that any of these alterations will be inversed. More Australians are now employed in sectors that have always had less union strength. Employment in conventionally powerful union sectors like the public sector and the manufacturing sector are being substituted by jobs in service industries and community-based establishments that have low union density. Permanent employees are being substituted by casual and part-time workers, and such types of employment have lower rates of union membership. More of the labor force has become contractors, self-employed or employed in sma ll businesses and do not perceive union membership as important. References Abbott, K., MacKinnon, B and Fallon, P. 2016. Understanding employment relations. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Addison, T. J. 2014. The consequences of trade union power erosion. IZA World of Labor. Bashur, M and Oc, B. 2015. When voice matters: A multilevel review of the impact of voice in organisations. Journal of Management, 41(5): 1530-54. Bray, M., Waring, P. and Cooper, R. 2011. Employment Relations: Theory and Practice. Sydney: McGraw-Hill. Cooper, R., Ellem, B., Briggs, C., and Broek, D. 2009. Anti-unionism, employer strategy, and the Australian State, 19962005. Labor Studies Journal, 34(3): 33962. Davis, M. 2010. Unions face fight on a new front. (September 22, Sydney). Accessed March 29, 2017. Docherty, C. J. 2010. The A to Z of Australia. Rowman Littlefield. Forsyth, A., Howe, J., Gahan, P. and Landau, I. 2017. Establishing the Right to Bargain Collectively in Australia and the UK: Are Majority Support Determinations under Australias Fair Work Act a More Effective Form of Union Recognition? Industrial Law Journal. Furze, B., Savy, P., Brym, J. R. and Lie, J. 2011. Sociology in Todays World. Cengage Learning. Grenfell, O. 2017. Australian report highlights collapse of union membership. 19 January. World Socialist Website. https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2017/01/19/unio-j19.html. Viewed 29 March 2017. Heidecker, P. 2013. Four Reasons For The Decline In Union Membership. 24 April. Clean Link. https://www.cleanlink.com/cp/article/Four-Reasons-For-The-Decline-In-Union-Membership--15514. Viewed 29 March 2017. Hodder, A. and Kretsos, L. 2015. Young Workers and Trade Unions: A Global View. Springer. Holland, P., Pyman, A., Cooper, B and Teicher, J. 2011. Employee voice and job satisfaction in Australia: The centrality of direct voice. Human Resource Management, 50(1): 95-111. Kaufman, B. 2008. Paradigms in industrial relations: original, modern and versions in-between. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 46(2): 314-339. Kelty, W. 2011. The introduction of enterprise bargaining a retrospective: Opening address. Enterprise Bargaining in Australia Workshop, Melbourne, Melbourne Law School. Koukoulas, S. 2015. The decline of union membership. 26 November. The Adelaide Review, https://adelaidereview.com.au/opinion/business-finance/the-decline-of-union-membership/. Viewed 29 March 2017. Leigh, A. 2011. The Decline of an Institution. Australian Financial Review: 21. Peetz, D. 2012. THE IMPACTS AND NON-IMPACTS ON UNIONS OF ENTERPRISE BARGAINING. Labor and Industry, 22(3): 237-254. Schaper, T. M. 2014. A brief history of small business in Australia, 1970-2010. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy, 3(2): pp.222-236. Toscano, N. 2015. Trade union membership hits record low. (October 27, Sydney). Accessed March 29, 2017.

To His Coy Mistress Essay Example

To His Coy Mistress Paper Andrew Marvells To His Coy Mistress effectively explores the concepts of carpe diem and tempus fugit. On the surface the poem appears to be a comic story of young man attempting to seduce his mistress however, metaphysical poet Marvell skilfully uses this persona to explore the theme of time and emphasises the challenges it creates and the limitations it imposes on us. Through clever imagery, persuasive techniques and effective word choice he stresses that time flies and we should the seize the day. In the thesis of the poem Marvell creates idyllic scene where Marvells persona can spend each long day adoring his mistress. However the use of the conditional statement in the first line, had we but world enough, and time makes it clear this is a non-existent scenario which could never happen. If only life wasnt so short they would be spending each moment together: this is implied through the use of the personal pronoun we within the first stanza. He is ensuring she knows how much he cares for her and how he would embrace their life together. We are made aware he is in no way disrespecting her and this, an opportune moment in both their lives, should be taken advantage of. We will write a custom essay sample on To His Coy Mistress specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on To His Coy Mistress specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on To His Coy Mistress specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Marvell goes on to state, this coyness lady were no crime, but by highlighting this fact it implies he feels his ladys refusal is in actual fact a crime. He feels there is no point in her retaining her virginity as what could have been such a passionate, well spent time will lose all value and relevance if the moment is not seized. Within the first stanza strong persuasive techniques are used to compliment his mistress in order to urge her to take full advantage of the limited time they have. Marvells use of distinct time periods emphasises how long he would love and admire her for, if he could: I would love you ten years before the flood till the conversion of the Jews. The hyperbole flatters his mistress and shows he would love her from the beginning until the end of time (if he only could) this consequently may influence her to give into his demands as he is making it clear his love is genuine and lasting. He also says: his vegetable love should grow vaster than empires, and more slow A vegetable is a strange comparison as they are not generally associated with romance however they live longer than the typical flower of love and compassion: roses. The vegetables have more substance and depth. By further comparing his love to a slow growing empire he implies he would allow himself time to develop feelings and gradually build up his true love but also have a large scale of passion and lust for her. In addition to appreciating her internal qualities Marvell goes on the state exaggerated scales of time he would spend taking in her beauty but he makes it clear the last age should show your heart. He would spend the most time adoring her inner beauty, her emotion and personality if time was on his side. Unfortunately they have limited time on earth together and it is not possible for him to admire her as he would wish to. Marvell is expressing the point that this connection they have is for a limited period as one day death will come. The second stanza presents the antithesis of the argument and is negative towards his lady in comparison to the first stanza. He makes it clear her beauty is constantly under threat by time so she should seize the opportunity her beauty brings to her. He tells her after life all that waits are : deserts of vast eternity The word choice of deserts portrays the afterlife as large, lifeless and endless. He rejects the afterlife and does not embrace that they may spend eternity together in the tranquillity of heaven once dead. Instead he shows the challenges time creates as her beauty shall no more be found, he expresses how she will lose her looks when in her marble vault, she will only then understand the brevity of life. There is no purpose in this lady being quaint as her old fashioned and sweet refusal will be meaningless when dead. Marvell uses grotesque imagery to further this idea: then worms will shall try that long-preserved virginity The shock of such a vision allows her to think all will be lost if time is not seized. All her beauty and the passionate times that existed on earth will now turn to dust and these opportunities die with her. He is using shock tactics to scare her and persuade her to make the most of the time she with has. Marvells persona supplies a solution to time taking hold of them. In the synthesis he alters his speech and returns to complimenting his lady. He wastes no time in trying to seduce her through the repetition of now. He commands her to make a decision, he needs a reply urgently as time is short. The speaker may be rushing her into a decision but he implies they will have a passionate time together is the moment if seized. He states: And now like amorous birds of prey, Rather at once our time devour By comparing them to birds of prey he suggests they make a violent attack at time. They will become one and tackle time and its limitations instead of being limited by time. He wants them to tear our pleasures with rough strife, they need to fight to have these moments together, they cant just sit back and allow time to slowly devour them. If they work together to seize this moment they will break the iron gates of life. The speaker finishes his oration with: Thus, though we cannot make our sun Stand still, yet we will make him run. He returns to the image of the sun and time, he knows they cant stop it passing but they can make the most of the time they have. Continuing the theme of togetherness he uses the imperative form giving certainty to. He and his mistress should be chasing his time and the opportunities it brings to them. To conclude, Andrew Marvells To His Coy Mistress effectively explores the concepts of carpe diem and tempus fugit. By using the theme of time he shows the hold it has on us all and any moment given should be seized. A worthwhile opportunity should not be wasted as time flies. To His Coy Mistress Essay Example To His Coy Mistress Essay Andrew Marvells To His Coy Mistress is a poem that explores the idea of love, and the moralities and perceptions associated with it. Following the theme of Carpe Diem, or seize the moment, the poem is a dramatic monologue in which the speaker is addressing his mistress, and attempting to seduce her.The title itself is an early indication of the lines To a Coy Mistress is going to take; the To immediately implies a direct address, where a man is addressing his coy mistress, while coy means shy, with connotations of sexual modesty. This gives rise to the possibility that the poem might follow the tradition of Carpe Diem, coming from the angle of seduction. The poet demonstrates a variety of techniques and opinions throughout the text to engage the readers interest, and it is how successful he has been in achieving this aim that I intend to investigate.One particular aspect of the poem which is unusual in a love poem, is the very structured way in which the verses are ordered. At the be ginning of each verse, the first line is an instant guide to which stage the speakers argument is entering. The first verse begins with the creation of a hypothetical situation, arguing that in such circumstance, the position adopted by the speakers mistress would be quite acceptable Had we but Then in the next verse, the arguments against; But. Then to conclude the whole argument, Now, therefore. Considering that this a love poem, or at least one in which sex and seduction are paramount, it is unusual that the poem follows such a strict structure love is traditionally thought of as illogical, unexplainable not something to be logically debated over, point by point.Another way in which the poem follows a progressive pattern is how Marvell varies and develops the tone and moods created by the speaker in each verse. By using three different moods in the verses, the poet brings an emotional climax to the conclusion of the poem, as well as adding impact to his persuasion of his mistre ss. The first verse starts with a very relaxed, soothing tone, to draw his mistress into his argument. The second moves into a foreboding, fearful tone, to terrify or scare her, and is then followed by the simultaneous re-assurance and fierce determination of the conclusion. By building the tension during the argument, and varying the tone as well as the mood, the conclusion has more weight so possibly more likely to achieve his aim? In addition to those points, with a monologue this structured, were it lacking mood changes, the poem would be singularly boring to read.When I went on to study the verses in greater detail, I found that there were several points that attract the readers attention. In verse 1, the speaker in a light, and rather self-depreciating tone, imagines a hypothetical situation where his mistress reticence would be perfectly acceptable, had we but world enough, and time that he could do justice to her beauty and their feelings.In terms of him having world enough , the poet uses geographical detail to emphasise the impracticalities of the proper distance between them at the outset of the courtship, by saying he would then be bemoaning his love for her by the Humber a river in the north of England while his mistress would be receiving his love by the Indian Ganges. Opposite sides of the world as a proper distance is clearly unworkable especially as when the poem was written, a journey, and letters, would take months to arrive. This is emphasised by the slow, ponderous word choice and sentence structure used in this part of the verse, echoing his argument as to just how long things would take.There is also the possible slant that the speaker is gently making fun of his mistress, and her ideals, by comparing her to the exotic romanticism of India, full of mysticism and strange beliefs, while he is the plain, unromantic Humber, in an area known for its industrialism and practical solutions. An indication that his solution is more viable?In te rms of his love having time to develop, the poet employs some inventive and slyly humorous imagery to demonstrate the sheer scale of the time it would take. To show how natural, and unstoppable the growth of his love would be, he compares it to a vegetable love, and idea seen in those times as very positive, ponderous and implacable. In addition, he also refers to how long it would take for their love to fully flourish; till the conversion of the Jews perhaps a reference to how long it could be before all Jews were converted to the Christian Faith and partners it with Ten years before the Flood, which could be a reference, with the capital F, to when the world was almost destroyed, as in the story of Noah. The partnering of that, with till the conversion of the Jews Armageddon? The second Coming of Christ? Either way, a time scale spanning from near the beginning of the world as we know it to the end. The more conventional evidence of the increasing time spans is the use of num bers; 1010020030,000an age. Thats a pretty slow development, either way.One feature with I particularly enjoyed about verse 1 was the speakers subtle and self-depreciating sense of humour, as he clearly realises the absurdity of these hypothetical situations; many would argue that the conversion of the Jews is an event which will never occur, and although Im sure a vegetable love is a fine sentiment, comparing ones mistress to, say, a lovely big marrow is not the most flattering of imagesHowever, this tone changes in the last two lines of the verse; after all, the speaker doesnt want his mistress to think that he is mocking their love only its situation.For, lady, you deserve this state;Nor would I love at lower rate.The tone in those last two lines is much more serious, loving; the contrast with the previous flamboyant, self-depreciating tone highlights how deeply the speaker really feels about his love, with this modulation in tone. More realistic, more sincere in what he is sayi ng.Verse 2 was equally interesting, in that from the start of the verse, the poet indicates a dramatic contrast in mood from the previous verse; the first word is But, immediately signalling that this stage in the argument is going to contrast with the previous, and in addition to that, the word choice of the first few lines is full of short, quick syllables, But at my back I always hear / Times winged chariot hurrying near. This change in mood is confirmed in the second line, by the fact that normally, most poems of this time would have had 10 syllables per line, while To His Coy Mistress has 8 per line. Yet this particular line holds 10 syllables when pronounced properly so in order to preserve the rhythm scheme, the reader must compress the words chariot and hurrying, and winged is read with 2 syllables.This compression, the rushing of the line, echoes the point made in the verse; that time a reference to the myth that the sun was pulled by Apollos chariot, hence the passing of time waits for nobody. The shortening of the line, at the expense of the pronunciation, illustrates how ineluctable, and impossible to stop, time is so, by the speakers argument, they should make the most of it. Another method which the speaker uses to bring out the swiftness of the passing of time, and how quickly it goes, is that verse 2 is the shortest in the poem, partially due to the afore mentioned compression, and is faster, as well as shorter; time compressed.It is inevitable that with the passing of time, people grow older, and eventually die. Having impressed upon his mistress just how rapidly age and death come to all, the speaker now uses highly emotive language to bring out his vision or version of what death, and the events that follow after it. He uses highly emotive language to bring out the barrenness of death, by comparing it to deserts of vast eternity nothing growing, nothing living, was how deserts were seen. Death, as a barren, endless expanse, forever st retching onwards.There are even possible overtones of the Egyptian belief that after death the spirits must walk through a desert, and overcome dangers and the prospect of eternal damnation, to find their way to the heavens the desert of the lost? The idea of death as a cold, empty kind of half-existence is brought out by references to marble vault, cold, bare and empty, save for slowly crumbling bones, nothing to interrupt a sound as it reverberates, echoing, around the chamber; a shell. Almost a claustrophobic feel, the idea of being trapped inside a slab of marble, with only fading echoesThe speaker now introduces more of his own personal opinions as to the ultimate pointlessness of human desires and ideals by some truly horrible images; the references to worms crawling through his mistress corpse, who try that long preserved virginity. He is once again raising the point that once she is dead, then worms will crawl through her decomposing body, devouring her remains without comp unction, making homes in her dry bones. If worms are eventually going to penetrate her much-hoarded virginity, then the speaker is proving that it is a pointless effort. In time, beauty shall no more be found and turn to ashes all my lust everything fades, so make the most of the moment. All her quaint honour turn to dust lost with her life. Pointless, all of it; the idea that as soon as youre dead, nothing matters. Ashes to ashes, dust to dust. Valueless.This concept, and the terrifying mood and images which the speaker has created have clearly been conjured for a specific reason; to try and frighten his mistress out of her present mindset, shocking her into considering his suggestion. Even that she might turn to him in terror? Yet he only wants to frighten, not offend; he never openly insults her course of action, calls her hour quaint rather than pointless, as he clearly considers it.As in previous verses, Marvell changes the tone at the end of the verse;The graves a fine and p rivate place,But none, I think, do there embrace.These lines bring the verse to a close, but the much more subdued tone and mood contrasts with the purely gothic horror formerly created. A much quieter conclusion than the imagery previously employed. The tone is definitely ironic, with the understated litotes of I think, and its clever use of parenthesis, ending on a less terrifying note after all, the speaker wants to prepare his mistress for the conclusion to his argument, that she should not be coy, rather than scare her off completely.The last verse is a compelling conclusion to the speakers argument with his mistress. While talking about his visions of passing time, the grave, and death, the speaker returns to the present, which is first indicated by the word Now, that he is no longer talking about his hypothetical situations or visions. In addition to this, he also indicated that he is going to draw a conclusion from this argument, with therefore. He then goes on to demonstra te the sheer life and vitality of himself and his mistress, with his word choice and the imagery he uses; her skins youthful hue like morning dew the imagery of a rosy, healthy complexion, and the connotations of clarity, purity and innocence that go with morning dew, as well as morning holding connotations of new life, the sun being born again new promise.Every pore with instant fires also gives the impression of life fiery, passionate; definitely alive. Fire has always been closely connected with living, change vitality.The speaker makes it clear that he feels they should make use of this vitality while they can, and use this time of youth to sport us while we may, rather than to remain in the thrall of time, and languish in his slow-chapt power. The two options as to how the speaker believes life can be led; active, or passive. Carpe Diem the course he wants to follow. The imagery the speaker uses to bring this out is full of positive connotations for the former, with compar isons to amorous birds of prey, while the latter option holds overtones of time devouring them with slow-chapt power, rather than them devouring time.However, it is in the last section of the poem that Marvell really uses word choice and imagery to bring out the seductiveness of responding to the pleasures of the flesh, as opposed to following the rules and regulations set down by others and ones conscience. The imagery of Roll all our strength and all Our sweetness up into one ball is fairly obviously bawdy, are the physical connotations of roll. With Tear our pleasures with rough strife Through the iron gates of life comes the idea of rough sex, sweet and sour, pleasure/ pain. Iron gates could refer to either more physical barriers being broken, or the barriers of morality and tradition. All the verbs here are active, rolltear, perhaps to try and create the idea of a frenzy of pleasure, strengthsweetness.In the final two lines of the poem, the speaker reaches the conclusion of hi s reasoning Carpe Diem. He and his mistress cannot stop time, but they can still make the most of it. We may not make our Sun stand still, yet we will make him run. All the previous points and examples have led to the same conclusion; live life while you can. In a compressed aphorism he highlights the conclusion he has drawn from his reasoning and one he hopes will convince his mistress into agreeing with him ; after all, none can argue that the sun will not stand still, and the sun was how time was originally measured. However, though no one might be able to halt it, it is still possible to make him run. Again, the theme of Carpe Diem is brought up seize the moment.To conclude, To His Coy Mistress is a poem that contains many techniques and opinions throughout the text, which succeed in engaging the readers interest, both in it and its theme. The whole concept of rationalising love, as something to be logically argued out, is highly unusual, especially in the type of seduction p oem which To His Coy Mistress is upon first glance. The repeated use of imagery to persuade or manipulate the speakers mistress into following his preferred course of action is extremely skilful and effective in prompting reactions in the reader. Marvells choice of highly emotive language makes this poem far more attention grabbing, especially in conjunction with the varying moods and tones of the verses to build tension.However, there are several points on which I disagree with the poem, even to the point of finding it offensive. Not because of the imagery used, and only to a lesser degree the idea that there might, just possibly, be something to be said for morals, and even dare I say it values. What I find personally irritating is how one-sided and hypocritical the speakers arguments are. Throughout the poem, the speaker argues that everyone should take control of their life, rather than simply being led along by it; to make the most of it.Yet he is then using that self same argument to try and persuade and manipulate his mistress into letting her be led along by him, and his opinions, rather than life. Slight tending towards the hypocritical there not to mention the realism, or not of the situation, in which the woman is portrayed as having easily changeable opinions, strongly influenced by those around her. And if the speaker or poet meant the idea of Carpe Diem to be held in wider significance than the situation in the poem, then why not other factors too?There is also the secondary issue that I believe that while everyone has the right to free speech and their own opinion so kind of me to allow everyone that, I know I do not like it when people abuse that gift to force their opinions onto others, rather than trying to influence them. Yes, I know that it is a dangerously thin line between logically setting out an argument as indeed the speaker did in the poem and actively manipulating emotions to make people more susceptible to having opinions t hrust onto them. But there is still a difference, in my opinion.I am aware that when people agree with an opinion, then they are more likely to appreciate what is being said by the speaker, and I personally do not fully believe in what the speaker in To His Coy Mistress was saying, so am probably less likely to empathise with the poem. I still think it a very skilful piece of writing, and partially successful in covering the concepts and ideals of love albeit from a very one sided perspective. Either way, it combines in a poem which certainly covers the concept of Carpe Diem from the perspective of love, and has the ability to capture the readers interest if only because they disagree with what is being said.

20 Steps to Ensure You Always Have a Job

20 Steps to Ensure You Always Have a Job While nothing is certain when it comes to careers, it always pays off if coworkers and managers can count on you- personally  and professionally. Aim to be the person who not only gets the job done, but does so with class and integrity. Here are 20 tips you can take with you no matter what field you’re in. Internalize them, practice them, and find success. Rest assured, if you do this, you will ensure you always have a job.

Immigrants and the City Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

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